安装状态对扭矩扳子检定结果的影响

针对日常使用及检测扭矩扳子的过程中发现的不同安装状态对被检扭矩扳子的示值误差影响很大这一问题,通过大量的试验数据和经验数据相结合的方法,客观评估安装状态对扭矩扳子测量结果的影响。其中,扳手的水平安装状态及安装同轴度对检定结果影响较大。文章旨在帮助检定测试人员得到相对准确的数据。     

考虑横向漂移的船舶路径跟踪自抗扰控制

针对船舶运动系统中内部动态不确定和外部干扰等问题,进行了欠驱动船舶路径跟踪的自抗扰方法研究。利用Backstepping设计参考航向角,并通过线性扩张状态观测器对流干扰和横向运动引起的横向漂移进行估计。其次,根据自抗扰算法对航向进行控制,采用线性扩张状态观测器对外界干扰及内部不确定项进行估计。最后仿真结果表明,在风流干扰下所设计的控制器仍能使船准确地跟踪上参考路径,验证了所提控制方案的有效性。     

The symbolism of ‘eco cars’ across national cultures: Potential implications for policy formulation and transfer

Transport choices are not merely practical decisions but steeped in cultural and societal perceptions. Understanding these latent drivers of behaviour will allow countries to develop and import policies to more successfully promote sustainable transport. Transport symbolism – what people believe their ownership or use of a mode connotes to others about their societal position – has been shown to be one such, non-trivial, hidden motivator. In the case of hybrid and electric cars (‘eco cars’), studies have demonstrated how their symbolic value varies within a society among different social groups. As yet, however, there has been scant research into comparing how the symbolism of a mode varies across national cultures, horizontally, between individuals with similar socio-demographic characteristics. Through qualitative thematic analysis, this study utilises two of Hofstede’s cross-cultural indices – power differential and individualism versus collectivism – to develop and strengthen theory on how the differing symbolism of eco cars currently varies between four cultural clusters – Anglo, Nordic, Confucian and South Asian. It also deliberates how observed symbolic qualitative differences may influence an individual or group choice to procure eco cars. Finally, it discusses how policy development, transfer and marketing, within the context of eco cars, may need to be modified by national governments, in the Confucian and South Asian cultures, so as to encourage uptake and modal shift.     

深海拖曳系统自稳定二级拖体姿态控制研究

二级深拖系统具有可控性强、母船扰动弱等优点,是重要的海洋探测平台。在实际工作中,二级拖体姿态稳定是保证探测数据准确的基本前提。本文以具有自主调节功能的二级拖体为例,对其姿态控制进行研究。首先建立了二级拖缆的“弹簧——阻尼”模型,并在此基础上建立了二级深拖系统的数学模型。其次根据该系统具有非线性、时变性等特点,设计了具有参数自修正功能的模糊自适应PID控制器,以实现在不同工况下对二级拖体的姿态进行控制。仿真结果表明,未加载控制器时,海况变化对拖体姿态有显著影响,其俯仰角和横滚角均会发生大范围波动。加载模糊自适应PID控制器后,拖体通过自主调节,能够使姿态波动控制在较小范围,从而满足工作要求,验证了拖缆数学模型的正确性和所采用的控制方法的可行性。     

散杂码头设计中节能增效措施的应用

针对码头工程中如何多方位将节能增效措施融入到设计中的问题,以长江江苏段某散杂码头及其堆场的设计为例,在工艺、结构、电气等方面采用多方位比较的方法,工艺采用装船机、取料机和皮带机变频联动系统、旋转式过渡皮带车以及三工位头部伸缩装置等措施,结构方面陆域轨道基础采用新型专利,电气方面采用风光互补路灯及岸电系统等不同的节能增效措施,使项目更经济合理、效益显著。     

基于多时间尺度的城市轨道交通短时OD估计

基于状态空间模型构建了城市轨道交通短时OD估计的多模型组合方法,估计早晚高峰期间15 min内进站客流的去向目的站.组合模型以不同时间尺度下的进站客流分流率为状态变量,并利用历史数据预估其中通勤客流的分流率,然后通过交互多模型算法加权融合不同时间尺度下的分流率估计结果.以北京地铁为案例,研究表明:早高峰期间的15 min分流率估计误差的平均值和最大值分别为16.4%和21.8%,晚高峰期间分别为22.7%和24.6%,比既有文献的估计误差减小了约一半.本文的研究成果可为实时的线网客流分布预测提供更准确的输入数据,以辅助运营管理部门实现客流预警和应急响应.     

燃机动力学建模中复杂结构处理方法研究

提出了三种以动力学相似为基础的转子动力学建模关键技术,并以某型燃气轮机建模为例,对该关键技术进行了验证。利用三种方法,对该燃气轮机的动力学特性进行研究,并与整机试验结果进行了对比。结果表明,动力学分析的准确程度主要由模型决定,本文所提出的三种建模关键技术能够反映结构的真实特性,可用于具有类似结构的双转子系统。     

基于特征熵权与样本加权的大跨桥梁多车道交通荷载聚类模型

为满足交通流荷载作用下大跨桥梁结构评估的需要，研究了基于荷载参数特征的交通流状态划分方法。首先，基于实测交通流数据，按照车道属性统计分析得到交通流的单位小时特征参数样本，选择单位小时内车型比例、车头间距及交通流速度作为交通流状态划分的参考特征；其次，改进经典k-means聚类算法以增强其对高维、复杂交通流荷载分类的鲁棒性，即通过引入特征熵值来表征各特征参数对聚类效果的重要性，同时计算样本点与周围样本点的接近程度来赋予样本点权值，以削弱样本离散性对聚类质量的不利影响；最后，通过聚类算法得到11种具有不同参数特征的交通流荷载，分析了其作用下某大跨斜拉桥拉索应力响应及造成的疲劳损伤。结果表明：改进算法的聚类质量指标比原始k-means算法提高了40%以上，对交通流状态划分具有良好的适用性；通过算法得到的不同类别的交通流荷载的特征参数差异性明显，其占有率也大不相同，同一类别的交通流荷载各样本特征参数聚拢效果良好；同车道内不同类别的交通流荷载的拉索等效应力差别较大，其变异系数均在0.2以上，尤其在考虑了不同交通流荷载模型的占有率后，这种差异性进一步增大。上述结果表明该交通流荷载聚类与模拟方法是有效、准确的，对相关大跨桥梁结构安全及耐久性评估有一定的参考价值。     

桥吊运输船的透气系统设计与分析

船舶舱室透气有各种不同的方式，尤其在特种运输船舶的设计中，通过对几种通常采用的透气方式进行走向，布局分析，结合在实际应用和透气系统本身的工作原理及规范要求研究，总结出各种方式的优缺点，为后来类似项目设计提供可参考和借鉴的依据，使设计优化，系统运行顺畅。     

Predictive power of inspection outcomes for future shipping accidents – an empirical appraisal with special attention for human factor aspects

This paper investigates whether deficiencies detected during port state control (PSC) inspections have predictive power for future accident risk, in addition to other vessel-specific risk factors like ship type, age, size, flag, and owner. The empirical analysis links accidents to past inspection outcomes and is based on data from all around the globe of PSC regimes using harmonized deficiency codes. These codes are aggregated into eight groups related to human factor aspects like crew qualifications, working and living conditions, and fatigue and safety management. This information is integrated by principal components into a single overall deficiency index, which is related to future accident risk by means of logit models. The factor by which accident risk increases for vessels with above average compared to below average deficiency scores is about 6 for total loss, 2 for very serious, 1.5 for serious, and 1.3 for less-serious accidents. Relations between deficiency scores and accident risk are presented in graphical format. The results may be of interest to PSC authorities for targeting inspection areas, to maritime administrations for improving asset allocation based on prediction scenarios connected with vessel traffic data, and to maritime insurers for refining their premium strategies.